hɨrɨdz ʸ nf. scorpion scorpion (12 groups, 35 languages) B
This root is found across almost all the Central Chadic groups, but is not found in any of the Kotoko groups. The initial *h is lost in several languages, a common sporadic change. In Mafa this has been compensated for by the addition of a prefixed /v/, a common process. The *r is expected to have the reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, but this is not the case. The implication is that the root did not come into the languages from Proto-Central Chadic. The breadth of the attestations, and the changes found in the reflexes imply that the root is old. It may have existed in the South sub-branch, and spread from there into the North sub-branch. The *dz has the reflexes *ts, *d and *z. The *d in Proto-Musgum and *z in Proto-Gidar are regular, but there are no consistent patterns to the reflexes of *dz in other groups. The palatalisation prosody is retained in almost all groups where it is expected.
1Proto-Bata *hɨradzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) àrə̀də̀də́nə scorpion. 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) redzən 1 - Varan; 2 - Scorpion 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ardə scorpion 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) hərdekən le scorpion
2Proto-Daba *rɨdzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) redʒe scorpion scorpion 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) rədʒi scorpion scorpion 2.3) Daba (Lienhard) īrdì le scorpion
3Proto-Mafa *haradz scorpion scorpion 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) varadza scorpion 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) rats scorpion scorpion
4Proto-Sukur *ᵐbɨrdaj scorpion scorpion 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) ᵐbərdai scorpion; a small creature like an insects with sex legs, two front claws and a long tail that curves over it's back and can a poisonous sting.
5Proto-Hurza *rɨdza ʸ scorpion scorpion 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) rədʒe scorpion scorpion
6Proto-Margi *hɨda ʸ scorpion scorpion 6.1) Bura (Blench) hidi Scorpion 6.2) Kilba (Schuh) ida/a scorpion
7Proto-Mandara *radzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 7.1) Matal (Branger) ālìʒ scorpion scorpion 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) raⁿdzá,-ə scorpion 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) érdze scorpion (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ərdza scorpion 7.5) Glavda (Owens) ard scorpion 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) árd͡za scorpion
8Proto-Mofu *hɨrɨda ʸ scorpion scorpion 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) árdà scorpion scorpion 8.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑⁿdrɑ (small yellow) scorpion sorte de petit scorpion jaune 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) harats scorpion scorpion 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) hìrde scorpion m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) hərdede scorpion scorpion 8.6) Merey (Gravina) hərdəde scorpion scorpion 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) arəde scorpion scorpion 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) aráts scorpion scorpion
9Proto-Maroua *arats ʸ scorpion scorpion 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aratʃe scorpion scorpion 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaretʃ scorpion 9.2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼariʃ scorpion
10Proto-Lamang *rɨda scorpion scorpion 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ə́rdà scorpion 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) rəda scorpion le scorpion
11Proto-Musgum *hɨrɨdɨw scorpion scorpion 11.1) Vulum (Tourneux) hɨrduu scorpion 11.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) hirduu scorpion 11.3) Mbara (Tourneux) hurtuwaj scorpion 11.4) Muskum (Tourneux) hurut scorpion
12Proto-Gidar *hɨrzɨja scorpion scorpion 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) hərzija scorpion
This root is found across almost all the Central Chadic groups, but is not found in any of the Kotoko groups. The initial *h is lost in several languages, a common sporadic change. In Mafa this has been compensated for by the addition of a prefixed /v/, a common process. The *r is expected to have the reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, but this is not the case. The implication is that the root did not come into the languages from Proto-Central Chadic. The breadth of the attestations, and the changes found in the reflexes imply that the root is old. It may have existed in the South sub-branch, and spread from there into the North sub-branch. The *dz has the reflexes *ts, *d and *z. The *d in Proto-Musgum and *z in Proto-Gidar are regular, but there are no consistent patterns to the reflexes of *dz in other groups. The palatalisation prosody is retained in almost all groups where it is expected.
1Proto-Bata *hɨradzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) àrə̀də̀də́nə scorpion. 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) redzən 1 - Varan; 2 - Scorpion 1.3) Sharwa (Gravina) ardə scorpion 1.4) Tsuvan (Johnston) hərdekən le scorpion
2Proto-Daba *rɨdzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) redʒe scorpion scorpion 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) rədʒi scorpion scorpion 2.3) Daba (Lienhard) īrdì le scorpion
3Proto-Mafa *haradz scorpion scorpion 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) varadza scorpion 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) rats scorpion scorpion
4Proto-Sukur *ᵐbɨrdaj scorpion scorpion 4.1) Sukur (Thomas) ᵐbərdai scorpion; a small creature like an insects with sex legs, two front claws and a long tail that curves over it's back and can a poisonous sting.
5Proto-Hurza *rɨdza ʸ scorpion scorpion 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) rədʒe scorpion scorpion
6Proto-Margi *hɨda ʸ scorpion scorpion 6.1) Bura (Blench) hidi Scorpion 6.2) Kilba (Schuh) ida/a scorpion
7Proto-Mandara *radzɨ ʸ scorpion scorpion 7.1) Matal (Branger) ālìʒ scorpion scorpion 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) raⁿdzá,-ə scorpion 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) érdze scorpion (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ərdza scorpion 7.5) Glavda (Owens) ard scorpion 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) árd͡za scorpion
8Proto-Mofu *hɨrɨda ʸ scorpion scorpion 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) árdà scorpion scorpion 8.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑⁿdrɑ (small yellow) scorpion sorte de petit scorpion jaune 8.3) Moloko (Friesen) harats scorpion scorpion 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) hìrde scorpion m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) hərdede scorpion scorpion 8.6) Merey (Gravina) hərdəde scorpion scorpion 8.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) arəde scorpion scorpion 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) aráts scorpion scorpion
9Proto-Maroua *arats ʸ scorpion scorpion 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) aratʃe scorpion scorpion 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaretʃ scorpion 9.2.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼariʃ scorpion
10Proto-Lamang *rɨda scorpion scorpion 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) ə́rdà scorpion 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) rəda scorpion le scorpion
11Proto-Musgum *hɨrɨdɨw scorpion scorpion 11.1) Vulum (Tourneux) hɨrduu scorpion 11.2) Mulwi (Tourneux) hirduu scorpion 11.3) Mbara (Tourneux) hurtuwaj scorpion 11.4) Muskum (Tourneux) hurut scorpion
12Proto-Gidar *hɨrzɨja scorpion scorpion 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) hərzija scorpion